Ramadhan Fasting and Muslim Patients
- Shahid Athar
Muslims worldwide observe total fasting (no food or water) between dawn to sunset in the month of Ramadhan. They do so not for losing weight or any medical benefit, but as it is ordained in Qur'an which says:
"O you who believe!
Fasting is prescribed for you, as it was prescribed for those who came
before you; that you will perhaps be God-fearing." [Al-Qur'an 2:183]
According to Islamic Law, children below the age of 12, sick
patients, travellers, and women who are menstruating or nursing a baby
are exempt from fasting. In addition to staying away from food or water
for the whole day, they are asked to stay away from sex, smoking or
misconduct during the period of fast. In addition, they are encouraged
to do more acts of piety i.e. prayer, charity, or reading the Qur'an during this month.Food is needed by the body to provide energy for immediate use by burning up carbohydrates, that is, sugar. Excess of carbohydrates which cannot be used is stored up as fat tissue in muscles, and as glycogen in liver for future use. Insulin, a hormone from the pancreas, lowers blood sugar and diverts it to other forms of energy storage, that is, glycogen. To be effective, insulin has to be bound to binding sites called receptor. Obese people lack receptor; therefore, they cannot utilize their insulin. This leads to insulin resistance and glucose intolerance.
When one fasts (or decreases carbohydrate intake drastically), it lowers his blood glucose and insulin level. This causes breakdown of glycogen from liver to provide glucose for energy need and breakdown of fat from adipose tissue to provide for energy needs.
On the basis of human physiology described above, semi-starvation (ketogenic) diets have been devised for effective weight control. These diets provide calculated amount of protein in divided doses with plenty of water, multi-vitamins, etc. These effectively lower weight, blood sugar, but because of their side effects, should be used only under supervision of physicians.
Total fasting reduces or eliminates hunger and causes rapid weight loss. In 1975, Allan Cott in his Fasting as a Way of Life noted that:
" ... fasting brings a wholesome
physiological rest for the digestive tract and central nervous system
and normalizes metabolism."
It must be pointed out, however, that there are also many adverse
effects of total fasting. That includes hypokalemia and cardiac
arrhythmia associated with low calorie starvation diets used in
unsupervised manner.Studies on Islamic Fasting
There have been many studies on Ramadhan Fasting. In 1996, an international conference was held in Casablanca, Morocco, under King Hasan Foundation for Health in Ramadhan and about 50 papers were presented including those from Dr. Soliman (Jordan), Azizi (Iran), Naomani (USA) and Athar (USA). The conclusions of these presentations were that Ramadhan fasting had beneficial effects on health especially on blood glucose, blood pressure, lipid profile and weight. No serious adverse effects were noted.Why Islamic Fasting Is Different From Other Types of Fasting
As compared to other diet plans, in fasting during Ramadhan, there is no malnutrition or inadequate calorie intake since there is no restriction on the type or amount of food intake during iftar or suhur. This was confirmed by M. M. Hussaini during Ramadhan 1974 when he conducted dietary analysis of Muslim students at the University of North Dakota State University at Fargo. He concluded that calorie intake of Muslim students during fasting was at two thirds of NCR- RDA.Fasting, in Ramadhan is voluntarily undertaken. It is not a prescribed imposition from a physician. In the hypothalamus part of the brain there is a centre called the lipostat which controls the body mass. When severe and rapid weight loss is achieved by starvation diet, the centre does not recognize this as normal and, therefore re-programs itself to cause weight gain rapidly once the person goes off the starvation diet. So the only effective way of losing weight is slow, self-controlled, and gradual weight loss by modifying our behaviour, and the attitude about eating while eliminating excess food. Ramadhan is a month of self-regulation and self-training in terms of food intake thereby causing hopefully, a permanent change in lipostat reading.
In Islamic fasting, we are not subjected to a diet of selective food only (i.e. protein only, fruits only etc). An early breakfast, before dawn is taken and then at sunset fast is broken with something sweet i.e. dates, fruits, juices to warrant any hypoglycaemia followed by a regular dinner later on.
Additional prayers are prescribed after the dinner, which helps metabolize the food. Using a calorie counter, I counted the amount of calories burnt during extra prayer called tarawih. It amounted to 200 calories. Islamic prayer, salat, uses all the muscles and joints and can be placed in the category of a mild exercise in terms of caloric out put.
Ramadhan fasting is actually an exercise in self discipline. For those who are a chain smoker, or nibble food constantly, or drink coffee every hour, it is a good way to break the habit, hoping that the effect will continue after the month is over. Psychological effects of Ramadhan fasting are also well observed by the description of people who fast. They describe a feeling of inner peace and tranquillity. The Prophet has advised them:
"If one slanders you or aggresses against you, tell them I am fasting."
Thus personal hostility during the month is minimal.It is my personal experience that within the first few days of Ramadhan, I begin to feel better even before losing, a single pound. I work more and pray more; physical stamina and mental alertness improve. As I have my own lab in the office, I usually check my chemistry, that is, blood glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride before the commencement of Ramadhan and at its end. I note marked improvement at the end. As I am not overweight, thank God, weight loss is minimal. The few pounds I lose, I regain soon after. Fasting in Ramadhan will be a great blessing for the overweight whether with or without mild diabetes (type II). It benefits those also who are given to smoking or nibbling. They can rid themselves of these addictions in this month.
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